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Hypospadias |
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In This Article
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What is hypospadias?Hypospadias is a male birth
defect in which the opening of the tube that carries urine from the body () develops abnormally, usually on the underside
of the penis. The opening can occur anywhere from just below the end of the
penis to the scrotum. Hypospadias is a rare disorder, affecting
only about 1 out of 250 live male births.1 A form of
hypospadias in which the genitals are abnormally positioned can also develop in
females. What causes hypospadias?In most cases, the cause
of this birth defect is not fully understood. Treatment with hormones such as
progesterone during pregnancy may increase the risk of hypospadias. Certain
hormonal fluctuations, such as failure of the fetal testes to produce enough
or the failure of the body to respond to
testosterone, increase the risk of hypospadias and other genetic
problems. What are the symptoms?Mild hypospadias usually
does not cause symptoms, especially in newborns and young children. If not
surgically corrected, older children and adults may complain of difficulty
directing their urinary stream and spraying urine. More severe cases of
hypospadias make it impossible to urinate while standing. Boys
with hypospadias are also more likely to have an
. How is hypospadias diagnosed?Hypospadias is
usually diagnosed during the physical examination of a newborn. A test that may
be useful if hypospadias is suspected is an excretory urogram. This test uses
to provide pictures of the urinary tract. It is
used to check for other congenital abnormalities of the
or the tubes that carry urine from the kidneys
to the bladder (). How is it treated?Hypospadias is sometimes
treated with surgery to correct the placement of the urethral opening, usually
during the first year of life. There are several different types of surgery,
which may include repositioning of the urethra, correcting the placement of the
urethral opening in the head of the penis, and reconstructing the skin of the
area around the urethral opening. Because the foreskin may be needed for
surgical repair, a baby with hypospadias should not be
. Complications, which are
more likely to occur in older children and adults, can include bleeding,
infection, narrowing of the urethra (stricture), and curvature of the
penis. Most males are able to urinate successfully from a standing
position after surgical treatment of this condition. 
CitationsBorer JG, Retik AB (2007). Hypospadias. In AJ Wein,
ed., Campbell-Walsh Urology, 9th ed., vol. 4, pp.
3703–3744. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier.
Other Works ConsultedMcAninch JW (2008). Disorders of the penis and male
urethra. In EA Tanagho, JW McAninch, eds., Smith's General Urology, 17th ed., pp. 625–636. New York: McGraw-Hill
Medical.
This information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information. Your use of this information means that you agree to the . to help you make better health decisions.
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Last modified on: 8 July 2009
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